colors الالوان

colors:      الالوان

white     ابيض

black       اسود

red         احمر

yellow     اصفر

blue        ازرق

violet    بنفسجي

purple    ارجواني

orange     برتقالي

green      اخضر

pink         وردي

grey         رمادي

brown           بني

silver        فضي

marron     كستنائي    

bright green  اخضر ناصع

the familly

*Immediate Family:          :  العائلة

•  parents                                الوالدين
•  father                                        الاب
•  mother                                       الام
•  son                                            الابن
•  daughter                                 البنت
•  husband                                الزوج
•  wife                                        الزوجة
•  brothe                                      الاخ
•  sister                                      الاخت

*Relatives and Extended Family:      : الاقارب و العائلة الممتدة

• grandparents                                       الاجداد 
• grandfather                                             الجد
• grandmother                                          الجدة
• grandchildren                                      الاحفاد
• grandson                                               الحفيد
• granddaughter                                     الحفيدة
• uncle                                                الخال/ العم
• aunt                                                العمة/الخالة
• cousin             ابنة العمة او الخالة /ابن العم او الخال
• nephew                                    ابن الاخ او الاخت
• niece                                        ابنة الاخ او الاخت

*The In-Laws:                           :الاقارب بالقانون

• father-in-law                              اب الزوج او الزوجة
• mother-in-law                              ام الزوج او الزوجة
• son-in-law                                                زوج البنت
• daughter-in-law                              زوجة الابن /الكنة
• brother-in-law            اخ الزوج او الزوجة / نسيب/ صهر
• sister-in-law                               اخت الزوجة او الزوج

*The Family Mix:                           الاسرة المختلطة

• stepfather                                       زوج الام 
• stepmother                                   زوجة الاب
• stepson                                                 ربيب
• stepdaughter                                      ربيبة
• stepsister                                اخت غير شقيقة
• stepbrother                                اخ غير شقيق
• half-brother                         اخ من الاب او الام
• half-sister                          اخت من الاب او الام

social relationship:

• a fiance                              الخطيب 
• a friend                               الصديق
• a comrade                  رفيق / رفيقة
• a rival                                   الخصم
• an enemy                              العدو
• a concurrent                    المنافس
• a colleague            الزميل / الزميلة
• a neighbor                           الجار

Negative Sentences

A negative sentence states that something is incorrect.

Negative form:  

             we use (not) after the auxiliary.                                                

               Subject +Auxiliary verb + Not+ Main Verb 




Object

cases when we put (not) :

*When we have the verb to be as the main verb (is, am, are, was, were) , we make negative forms by putting not after be.

• He is not ill. 
• You are not late. 
• I was not surprised. 
• i am not tired.                                                                                                                            

*When (have) is the main verb, we make negative forms by putting (do not) before have.

• we do not have money. 
• He does not have good marks.                                                                                                                

*When there are no auxiliary verbs, we make negative forms by putting(do not) before the verb. After (do not) we use the infinitive without to.

• She does not prepare dinner .
• They do not go away         

Negative sentences with the main tenses: 

Tense Negative Element  Examples the present simple am not/ is not/are not/doesnot  do not i am not sad she is not happy they do not play she does not work the past simple  was not/ were not/ did not i was not absent we were not here they did not finish the future will not  i will not visit her the  present  perfect has not have not  he has not gone you have not understood conditional would not  they would not play

remark :  

in the present continous and the past perfect (not) is placed after the auxiliary .

negative with modals: 

can not, could not, shall not, should not, may not, might not, must not.

Negative questions:

form:

if it is yes not question:

• auxiliary verb + n't + subject. + the main verb + object+ ?

examples:

• isn't she ill ?      
•  aren't you going to visit your grandmother ?
•  haven't they understood the lesson ?
•  hadn't he wrote the letter ?
•  don't we work well ?    
• doesn't he finish his homework ?
•  didn't you find your mobile ?
•  wouldn't they come to my party ?  

if it is (wh) quetion:

• wh + auxiliary verb +n't + subject + the main verb + object +?

examples:

• what don't you want to write?
• who wasn't here yesterday?
• why hasn't he understood?
• who will not come tomorrow?

                     

                   

                     

The past continuous

Usage:

Past Continuous is used to show/talk about:

a. an action happening around a specified time in the past .

example:

                 This time last year I was staying at home

                 I was sleeping  at the time you called me last night.

b. an interrupted action (i.e. an action was happening, and another past action interrupted)  

.

example: 

                When she was washing clothes, her baby woke up and cried.

                While he was doing  his homework, someone knocked the door. 

c. a parallel of past actions (Two/more actions happening at the same time in the past.) 

example:

               While the teacher was explaining the lesson, some students were talking. 

               She was crying  while the guests were eating. 

d. complaints or annoyance (about someone’s past habit or a past situation): always, 

constantly

example:

                  My sister was always disturbing me  while I was sleeping. 

                

             Adam was constantly eating in working hour.

Form: 

               

[was/were + verb+ ing]

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The present simple

when putting a verb in the present simple, we add (s) with (she/he/it) .

مع الضمائر (she/he/ it) (s) و اضافة (to) عند تصريف اي فعل في الحاضرفان   الفعل يبقى كما هو 

examples :

(to prepare) :

I     prepare

you     prepare

she/he/it   prepares

we     prepare

you     prepare

they     prepare

we add (es) to the verbs ending with (o,x,sh,ch,ss,s)

 ( she, he, it)  (es)نضيف لها مع ( o, x ,sh, ch, ss,s ) الافعال المنتهية ب 

example:

(to go):

I         go

you    go 

she/ he/ it    goes 

we      go 

you    go 

they   go 

 example:

(to play): 

I        play 

you    play 

she/ he/ it    plays

we     play 

you    play

they   play
the verbs ending with (y),if a it is preceded by a vowel we add (s).

  (ies) تنقلب (y) فان ;  (y) قبل (consonants) اما اد كان لدينا  
example:
(to cry):
I        cry
you   cry  
she/he /it   cries
we    cry
you   cry
they  cry

We use the present simple tense when:          :   نستعمل الحاضر في الحالات التالية

• we have a general action.
• the action happens all the time, or habitually. regular actions .
• permanent siruations 
• scientific facts and general truth.
• with adverbs of frequency ( never, seldom, sometimes,today, often, always, usually, occasionally, rarely, regularly, everyday, often;generally,....)
  

Adverbs of frequency:
always/constantly                  100%
usually /normally / generally     95%
frequently/often                      70% 
sometimes                              50%
occassionally                         40% 
regulary                                30%
seldom                                 20%
rarely                                   10%
hardly ever / scarely ever       5% 
never                                    0%
Their position:
-Before other verbs, we place them between the subject and the verb .
example: she usually visites het friend.
                they sometimes get up at 7.00 o'clock.
- After the verb (to be).
example:  i am never late for class.
                 it is always hot in summer.

            
             the auxiliary verbs in the present 

To do	To have	To be
I       do You  do She/he/it  does We  do You  do They  do	I   have You  have She/he/it  has We    have You   have They  have	I   am You   are She/he /it   is We     are You   are They  are

The present perfect simple

  .نستعمل الحاضر التام للتعبير عن فعل حدث في وقت غير معين في الزمن الماضي  
.وكدلك للتعبير عن حدث وقع في الزمن الماضي ولا يزال مستمرا في الزمن الحاضر

.وللتعبير عن حدث وقع في الزمن الماضي و مازالت نتائجه مستمرة في الزمن الحاضر

forme:                                                                       : صياغته                                                                                                                                                                    

          

have /has + past participle .

:يستعمل هدا الزمن مع الاحوال التالية
(since /for/yet /never /eve/ralready/just/ so far/ till now /up to now)

examples:

1. I have just finished my homework .
2. He has worked on the computer since five o'clock.
3. She has not started yet.
4. They have already started .
5. We have begun for two hours.
6. I have never been to USA.
7. He is the tallest man i have ever seen.
8. You have written five letters till now.
9. He has not done it so far. 

(To be):                                            (To have):

I         have been                              I        have had 

You   have been                              You   have had

She/He/It    has been                      She/he/it    has had 

We    have been                             We    have had                                                                          

You   have been                             You   have had                           

They  have been                             They have had 

the past simple

.نستعمل الماضي للتعبير عن فعل حدث و انتهى في الزمن الماضي

.(regular verb) ادا كان الفعل عادي  (ed)لتصريف فعل في الزمن الماضي نضيف 

 :مثال

 to prepare:                                   to play: 

                  

 I         prepared                           I        played

You     prepared                          You     played

She/He/It  prepared                   She/He/It  played

We      prepared                          We      played

You     prepared                          You     played

They    prepared                          They    played           

( yesterday, last, ago, date in the past): نستعمل  الماضي البسيط مع الاحوال 

:امثلة

1. I watched a film, last night
2. She worked hard , yesterday.
3. They played football, two days ago .
4. In 2006, i visited france.

the plural الجمع

:  في نهاية الكلمة   (s) لتحقيق صيغة الجمع نضيف

:مثال. 

  a horse= horses 

a snake = snakes

a ski = skis 

a girl = girls

:حالات خاصة

(a,i,o,u,e)   vowelقبله (y)ادا كان حرف  (s)اما نضيف لها  (y)الاسماء المنتهية ب 

 :مثل

 a play= plays 

a fly = flys

 a day = days

a toy = toys

 (es)و نضيف لها  (i)تنقلب  (y) فان   consonantقبله (y)اما الاسماء المنتهية ب

:امثلة

a baby = babies

a party = parties

a country = countries

a fly = flies

  .(es) نضيف لها   (s, ss, ch, sh, x, o) الاسماء  المنتهية ب 

 :امثلة

a tax = taxes 

a wish = wishes

a dress = dresses                      

a witch = witches
a hero = heroes

 :ما عدا 

memo = memos

stereo = stereos

cello = cellos

.(ves) الى  (f)تتغير   (f)  (fe)  الاسماء المنتهية ب     

:امثلة                               

a knife = knives

a woolf = wolves

a life = lives

a self =selves

  :ما عدا 

a drawf = drawfs

a roof = roofs 

:بعض الاسماء  في حد داتها تعبر عن الجمع مثل

audience band class committee crowd dozen

family flock group heap herd jury

kind lot [the] number public staff team

:بعض الاسماء  تتغير كليا كما سنرى في الجدول التالي

men	man
Geese	Goose
mice	mouse
lice	louse
children	child
women	woman
feet	foot
teeth	tooth
people	person
fish	fish
oxen	ox
formulae/formulas	formula
alumnae	alumna
axes	axis
crises	crisis
sheep	sheep
/pence  pennies	penny
moose	moose
criteria	criterion
phenomena	phenomenon
information	iformation